通用知识测试

Do not try to downshift after your speed has already built up. You will not be able to shift into a lower gear. You may not even be able to get back into any gear and all engine braking effect will be lost. / 速度已上来后不要再尝试降挡；此时无法挂入低挡，甚至可能挂不上任何挡位，从而完全丧失发动机制动。

If the vehicle has hydraulic brakes, pump the brake pedal three times. Then apply firm pressure to the pedal and hold for five seconds. The pedal should not move. If it does, there may be a leak or other problem. / 若车辆为液压刹车，先连续踩三下踏板，然后用力踩住保持 5 秒。踏板不应继续下沉；若会下沉，可能存在泄漏或其他问题。

Most GPS devices are made for cars or other smaller vehicles, and so not have the size or weight of large vehicles programmed in. Make sure your GPS device is designed for large commercial vehicles. / 许多通用 面向小客车，卡车需要支持大车限高限重、路线规避等功能，应选择专为商用车辆设计的机型。

Convex mirrors present a view of people and objects that does not accurately reflect their size and distance from the vehicle. / 凸面镜虽能扩大视野，但会让行人和物体看起来更小、更远，无法准确反映真实大小和距离；仍然要注意镜外盲区。

Linings, or the friction material on brake pads, must not be loose or soaked with oil or grease and must not be dangerously thin. Mechanical parts must be in place, not broken or missing. Leaf springs should not have missing, shifted, cracked, or broken leaf. / 制动衬片（制动片上的摩擦材料）不得松动、不得被油脂浸湿，且不得磨损到危险薄度。机械部件应齐全完好、无破损或缺失；板簧不得缺片、移位、开裂或折断。

Vehicles must be equipped with emergency equipment. Look for: fire extinguisher(s), spare electrical fuses (unless equipped with circuit breakers), and warning devices for parked vehicles. / 车辆必须配备紧急设备：灭火器、备用保险丝（若配有断路器可例外）以及用于停车时的警示装置。

The seats must be safe for riders. All seats must be securely fastened to the bus, and not lose or missing. / 座椅必须对乘客安全。所有座椅都要牢固固定在车身上，不得松动或缺失。

Other drivers can't know what you are going to do until you tell them. Signaling what you intend to do is important for safety. Also, other drivers may not notice your vehicle even when it's in plain sight. To help prevent accidents, let them know you're there. / 其他驾驶者无法读懂你的心思。通过灯光、喇叭、手势与车辆位置等方式“让他们知道你的存在与意图”，以减少事故。

Vehicles must be equipped with emergency equipment: Fire extinguisher, spare electrical fuses unless the vehicle is equipped with circuit breakers, and warning devices for parked vehicles. / 车辆必须配备应急设备：灭火器、（如使用熔丝的）备用电熔丝，以及停车警示装置（配有断路器的车辆可不带熔丝）。

Before performing the pre-trip inspection on your vehicle, you must review the inspection report made by the previous driver. Only if defects reported earlier have been certified as repaired or not needed to be repaired, should you sign the previous driver's report. / 在进行你的出车前检查前，必须先查看上一位驾驶员提交的检查报告；只有当报告中的缺陷已被确认修复或无需修复时，你才应在该报告上签字。

Shut off engine and take key with you so someone else won't move truck while you are under it. / 关闭发动机并带走钥匙，避免你在车底或车旁检查时，别人启动车辆把车移走。

One good rule says you need at least one second for each 10 feet of vehicle length at speeds below 40 mph. At greater speeds, you must add 1 second for safety. / 一个好原则是：在低于 40 英里 / 小时的速度下，每 10 英尺车长至少预留 1 秒跟车时间；速度更高时需再额外加 1 秒。

You cannot inspect sealed loads, but you should check that you don't exceed gross weight and axle weight limits. / 密封货物无法拆封检查，但必须核对是否未超过车辆总重及各轴重量限制。

Oil Level: Indicate where dipstick is located and see that oil level is within safe operating range. Engine Compartment Belts Check belts for snugness up to 3 / 4-inch play at center of belt with no cracks or frays. Hoses: Inspect hoses for condition and leaks. Valve clearance is the incorrect answer. / 机油液位：指出机油尺位置并确认油位在安全范围内。发动机舱皮带：检查是否张紧（中部松动不超过 3 / 4 英寸）、无裂纹或磨损。软管：检查其状况与是否漏液。“气门间隙”并非本题所列检查项。

The correct answer is The system may have failed; stop by pumping the pedal, downshifting, or using emergency braking. Commercial drivers must manage speed and braking early, especially on downgrades, because heavy vehicles build heat quickly and need more distance to stop. / 正确答案是：系统可能已失效，必须通过手动抽踩踏板、降档或使用紧急制动来停车。商业驾驶员必须提前控制速度和制动，尤其在下坡时，因为重型车辆制动会迅速积热，并且停车距离更长。

Most good drivers look at least 12 to 15 seconds ahead. That means looking ahead the distance you will travel in 12 to 15 seconds. / 优秀驾驶员会把视线放在前方至少 12–15 秒处，即相当于车辆在 12–15 秒内将要行驶的距离。

The correct answer is Brake adjustment (brake calibration / adjustment). The Commercial Driver Handbook stresses that vehicle defects found during inspections must be recognized and corrected before driving because they can lead to loss of control or breakdowns. / 正确答案是：制动校正（制动调整）。《商业驾驶员手册》强调，行前检查发现的车辆缺陷必须及时识别并在上路前修复，因为这些问题可能导致失控或故障。

Under-loaded front axles can make the steering axle weight too light to steer safely. / 前轴负载不足会使转向轴负载过轻，转向稳定性不足，影响行车安全。

If you must stop on a road or the shoulder of any road, you must put out your emergency warning devices within ten minutes. / 在道路或路肩上停车后应在十分钟内摆放警示装置（如反光三角牌），以提醒其他道路使用者。

Commercial vehicles are often wide and take up most of a lane. Safe drivers will manage what little space they have. You can do this by keeping your vehicle centered in your lane and avoid driving alongside others. / 商用车车身宽、盲区大。尽量不要久与他车并排行驶，把车保持在车道中部，避免被强侧风或他人动作影响。

Because you cannot see everything behind your vehicle, backing is always dangerous. Avoid backing whenever you can. When you have to back, here are a few simple safety rules: Start in the proper position, look at your path, use mirrors on both sides, back slowly, back and turn toward the driver's side whenever possible, and use a helper with clear hand signals whenever possible. / 由于无法看清车后的一切，倒车始终有风险。能不倒车就避免；必须倒车时：从合适的位置开始、看清倒车路径、左右后视镜并用、缓慢倒车、尽量朝驾驶员侧倒并转向、尽量使用手势清晰的指挥员。

It's important to know what's going on behind and to the sides. Check your mirrors regularly. Check more often in special situations. / 掌握车辆两侧与后方的情况很重要。要经常看后视镜；在特殊情况下更要频繁查看。

Skids caused by acceleration usually happen on ice or snow. Taking your foot off the accelerator can easily stop them. If it is very slippery, push the clutch in. Otherwise, the engine can keep the wheels from rolling freely and regaining traction. / 由加速引起的侧滑常见于冰雪路面。松开油门通常就能很快制止；若非常湿滑，可踩下离合器，否则发动机可能阻碍车轮自由滚动、难以恢复附着。

Braking distance is the distance your vehicle will travel, in ideal conditions; while you are braking. At 55 mph on dry pavement with good brakes, it can take about 216 feet. / 制动距离是指在理想条件下，从踩下刹车到车辆停下期间所行驶的距离；在干燥路面、刹车良好且时速 55 英里时，大约为 216 英尺。

The correct answer is A vehicle battery charger. This follows the Commercial Driver Handbook principle of choosing the action that preserves vehicle control, legal compliance, and safety for surrounding traffic. / 正确答案是：汽车电池充电机。这符合《商业驾驶员手册》的基本原则：选择能保持车辆控制、符合法规并保护周围交通安全的做法。

A DOT physical exam is valid for up to 24 months. The medical examiner may also issue a medical examiner's certificate for less than 24 months when it is desirable to monitor a condition, such as high blood pressure. / DOT 体检最多有效 24 个月。若需要监测某些状况（如高血压），体检医生也可能签发不足 24 个月有效期的体检合格证明。

To test the parking brakes: Fasten safety belt, set parking brake, release trailer parking brake, Place vehicle into a low gear, gently pull forward against parking brake to make sure the parking brake holds. If it doesn't hold vehicle, it is faulty; get it fixed. / 测试驻车制动：系好安全带，拉起驻车制动，松开挂车驻车制动，挂入低挡，轻轻向前挪动以检验驻车制动是否牢靠。如车辆仍能移动，解释故障应立即检修。

To get in and start the engine, make sure: the parking brake is on, gearshift is in neutral. / 上车启动车辆前应确认：已拉起驻车制动，变速器在空挡（自动挡置于驻车档）。

Here are some signs of slippery roads: shaded areas, bridges, melting Ice, black Ice makes the road look wet, and just after rain begins. / 以下是道路湿滑的常见迹象：阴影路段、桥面、融化中的冰、黑冰（会让路面看起来像湿的一样），以及刚开始下雨时。

If you are drowsy, the only safe cure is to get off the road and get some sleep. If you don't, you risk your life and the lives of others. / 犯困时唯一安全的办法就是靠边休息并睡一觉；否则你将拿自己和他人的生命冒险。

Aggressive driving is the act of operating a motor vehicle in a selfish, bold, or pushy manner, without regard for the rights or safety of others. The frequent changes of speed is a distracted driver trait. / 激进驾驶指自私、冒进、蛮横地驾驶，不顾他人权利与安全。频繁改变车速更像是分心驾驶的特征。

Hauling liquids in tanks requires special skills because of the high center of gravity and liquid movement. / 罐式运输因重心高、液体会流动，因而需要特殊驾驶技巧。

Poor weight balance can make vehicle handling unsafe. The cargo should be loaded so that it is balanced in the cargo area. / 重量分配不当会让车辆操控不安全；货物应在货舱内保持平衡分布。

Re-check the cargo and securing devices as often as necessary during a trip to keep the load secure. You need to inspect again: after you have driven for 3 hours or 150 miles, and after every break you take during driving. / 为确保货物牢靠，途中应按需频繁复查货物与固定装置；必须复查的时机包括：行驶 3 小时或 150 英里后，以及每次中途休息之后。

Go to front of vehicle and check that low beams are on and both of the four-way flashers are working, check that high beams, parking, clearance, side-marker, and identification lights work. Turn on right turn signal and start walk-around inspection, then check the left turn. / 走到车头，检查近光灯已点亮、双闪正常工作；再检查远光、示宽灯、轮廓标志灯、侧标志灯和识别灯是否正常。打开右转向灯开始绕车检查，然后再检查左转向灯。

Oil pressure. Should come up to normal within seconds after engine is started. / 机油压力应在发动机启动后的几秒内恢复到正常范围。

You will lose your CDL for at least one year for a first offense for: Driving a CMV if your blood alcohol concentration is .04% or higher or driving a CMV under the influence of alcohol. / 首次违规将至少吊销商业驾驶执照 1 年：当血液酒精浓度达到或超过 0.04% 时驾驶商用车辆，或在酒精影响下驾驶商用车辆。

Most good drivers look at least 12 to 15 seconds ahead. That means looking ahead the distance you will travel in 12 to 15 seconds. At lower speeds, that's about one block. / 熟练驾驶者通常会提前 12–15 秒观察前方，即你在 12–15 秒内将行驶的距离；在低速情况下大约等于一个街区。

Newer trucks have low friction parts, streamlined shapes for fuel economy, more powerful engines meaning they can go up hills in higher gears. For that reason, drivers of modern trucks may have to use lower gears going down a hill than would be required to go up the hill. / 较新的卡车摩擦更小、外形更流线、发动机更强，上坡可能用更高档；但下长坡为控速与防过热，应使用更低的档位。

Warn following drivers by flashing your brake lights, don't stop suddenly. If you see a hazard that will require slowing down, warn the drivers behind by flashing your brake lights. At dawn, dusk, in rain, or snow, you need to make yourself easier to see so turn on your lights. / 通过点刹让刹车灯闪烁来警示后车，避免突然停车。若前方有需要减速的危险，应提前点刹提醒后车。拂晓、黄昏、下雨或下雪时要让自己更醒目，请打开车灯。

Be familiar with the laws in the states you drive in. These laws can cover aspects such as vehicle weight, cargo, and allowed routes. The regulations can vary from one jurisdiction to another, so know which jurisdictions you'll be driving through. / 各地法律与限制可能不同；需熟悉你将驶经的辖区规定。

The correct answer is Cause loss of control. Hazardous-material shipping papers must be kept where emergency responders can find them quickly, which is why the handbook specifies keeping them within immediate reach. / 正确答案是：导致失去操控力。危险品运输单据必须放在救援人员能迅速找到的位置，因此手册要求将其放在驾驶员触手可及的位置。

Skids caused by acceleration usually happen on ice or snow. Taking your foot off the accelerator can easily stop them. If it is very slippery, push the clutch in. Otherwise, the engine can keep the wheels from rolling freely and regaining traction. / 加速打滑通常是因为驱动轮动力过大、抓地不足。应松开油门，必要时踩下离合，使车轮恢复自由滚动以重新获得附着力；不要猛踩刹车。

Re-check the cargo and securing devices as often as necessary during a trip to keep the load secure. You need to inspect again: after you have driven for 3 hours or 150 miles, and after every break you take during driving. / 为确保货物牢靠，行程中应按需频繁复查货物与固定装置。须再次检查的时机包括：行驶 3 小时或 150 英里后，以及每次中途休息之后。

This is the safest and legally correct commercial-driving choice. This follows the Commercial Driver Handbook principle of choosing the action that preserves vehicle control, legal compliance, and safety for surrounding traffic. / 正确答案是：由内侧车道开始，在转弯时占用到右边车道Start from the inside lane and swing into the right lane during the turn。这符合《商业驾驶员手册》的基本原则：选择能保持车辆控制、符合法规并保护周围交通安全的做法。

You should always be able to stop within the distance you can see ahead. At night, you can't see as far with low beams as you can with high beams. When you must use low beams, slow down. / 你应始终把车速控制在前照灯照明范围内可安全停车；在可用远光时获得更远视距，必须用近光时应相应降速。

If you don't sleep enough, you "owe" more sleep to yourself. This debt can only be paid off by sleeping. You can't overcome it with willpower, and it won't go away by itself. The average person needs seven or eight hours of sleep every 24 hours. / 长期睡眠不足会“欠下睡眠债”，只能通过补觉偿还；意志力、咖啡或新鲜空气都不能抹消它。一般人每 24 小时需要约 7–8 小时睡眠。

Right after it starts to rain, the water mixes with oil left on the road by vehicles. This makes the road very slippery. If the rain continues, it will wash the oil away. / 刚开始下雨时，雨水与路面油污混合会让路面非常湿滑；雨下得久了会把油污冲走，因此路面会变得不那么滑。

To know how much space you have, wait until the vehicle ahead passes a shadow on the road, a pavement marking, or some other clear landmark. Then count off the seconds like this: "one thousand-and-one, one thousand-and-two" and so on, until you reach the same spot. / 观察前车经过的影子、路面标线或明显地标，从那一刻开始按“1001、1002……”计数，直到你到达同一位置，即为你的跟车秒数。

When you discover a fire, call for help. You may use the fire extinguisher to keep minor truck fires from spreading to cargo before firefighters arrive. / 发现起火时要先呼救。消防员到来前，你可以用灭火器控制小型车体火情，避免蔓延到货物。