通用知识测试

Your most important consideration is to select a speed that is not too fast for the: total weight of the vehicle and cargo, length of the grade, steepness of the grade, road conditions, and weather. / 关键是选择对当前条件不过快的车速，要综合考虑车辆与货物总重、下坡长度与坡度、路况与天气。

Most good drivers look at least 12 to 15 seconds ahead. That means looking ahead the distance you will travel in 12 to 15 seconds. At lower speeds, that's about one block. / 熟练驾驶者通常会提前 12–15 秒观察前方，即你在 12–15 秒内将行驶的距离；在低速情况下大约等于一个街区。

One good rule says you need at least one second for each 10 feet of vehicle length at speeds below 40 mph. At greater speeds, you must add 1 second for safety. / 经验法则：当车速低于 40 英里 / 小时，每 10 英尺车长至少预留 1 秒跟车时间；速度更高时，为安全起见再额外增加 1 秒。

With the stab braking method, you apply your brakes all the way and release brakes when wheels lock up. / 点放式制动法是将刹车踩到底，当车轮抱死时立即松开。

Re-check the cargo and securing devices as often as necessary during a trip to keep the load secure. You need to inspect again: after you have driven for 3 hours or 150 miles, and after every break you take during driving. / 为确保货物牢靠，行程中应按需频繁复查货物与固定装置。须再次检查的时机包括：行驶 3 小时或 150 英里后，以及每次中途休息之后。

The correct answer is On slippery roads, it takes longer to stop and it is harder to turn without skidding. This follows the Commercial Driver Handbook principle of choosing the action that preserves vehicle control, legal compliance, and safety for surrounding traffic. / 正确答案是：在湿滑的道路上，停车需要更长的时间，而且在没有打滑的情况下更难转弯。这符合《商业驾驶员手册》的基本原则：选择能保持车辆控制、符合法规并保护周围交通安全的做法。

The correct answer is Half a second. This follows the Commercial Driver Handbook principle of choosing the action that preserves vehicle control, legal compliance, and safety for surrounding traffic. / 正确答案是：半秒。这符合《商业驾驶员手册》的基本原则：选择能保持车辆控制、符合法规并保护周围交通安全的做法。

A full tank of dense liquid (such as some acids) may exceed legal weight limits. The amount of liquid to load into a tank depends on: the amount the liquid will expand in transit, the weight of the liquid, legal weight limits. / 高密度液体（如某些酸类）装满可能超出法定重量上限。装载量应取决于液体在运输中的膨胀量、液体的重量以及法定重量限制。

Escape ramps are made to stop runaway vehicles safely without injuring drivers and passengers. / 避险车道的作用是让失控车辆安全停下，不伤及司机和乘客。

The correct answer is It’s better to take the shoulder than risk a collision with another vehicle. Hazardous-material shipping papers must be kept where emergency responders can find them quickly, which is why the handbook specifies keeping them within immediate reach. / 正确答案是：宁可选择驶上路肩也不要冒险与其他车辆碰撞。危险品运输单据必须放在救援人员能迅速找到的位置，因此手册要求将其放在驾驶员触手可及的位置。

Hydroplaning is more likely if tire pressure is low, or the tread is worn. The grooves in a tire carry away the water; if they aren't deep, they don't work well. / 胎压过低或胎纹磨损都会更容易发生水膜滑行。轮胎沟槽负责排水；沟槽不够深就难以发挥作用。

Speed up smoothly and gradually so the vehicle does not jerk. Rough acceleration can cause mechanical damage. When pulling a trailer, rough acceleration can damage the coupling. / 要平顺、渐进地加速，避免车辆产生顿挫；粗暴加速会造成机械损伤，牵引挂车时还可能损坏连接装置。

To test the parking brakes: Fasten safety belt, set parking brake, release trailer parking brake, Place vehicle into a low gear, gently pull forward against parking brake to make sure the parking brake holds. If it doesn't hold vehicle, it is faulty; get it fixed. / 测试驻车制动：系好安全带，拉起驻车制动，松开挂车驻车制动，挂入低挡，轻轻向前挪动以检验驻车制动是否牢靠。如车辆仍能移动，解释故障应立即检修。

Check for missing or broken leaves in any leaf spring. If one-fourth or more are missing, it will put the vehicle "out of service", but any defect could be dangerous. / 要检查钢板弹簧是否缺片或断裂；有些情况下缺失四分之一叶片会令车辆被判“禁止上路”。任何缺陷都可能危险。

The correct answer is Wood. Heavy vehicles need more space to maneuver, merge, and stop, so the handbook requires drivers to leave larger gaps and manage following distance carefully. / 正确答案是：木材（A类火灾）。重型车辆转向、并线和停车都需要更大空间，因此手册要求驾驶员留出更大空隙并谨慎控制跟车距离。

Slow down to a safe speed, and downshift to the right gear before entering the curve. This lets you use some power through the curve to help the vehicle be more stable while turning. / 在入弯前先把车速降至安全范围，并预先降到合适挡位。这样在弯中可以适当给油，帮助车辆在转弯时更稳定。

Blocking is used in the front, back, and / or sides of a piece of cargo to keep it from sliding. Blocking is shaped to fit snugly against cargo. It is secured to the cargo deck to prevent cargo movement. / 挡块可放在货物的前、后及 / 或两侧以防滑移；挡块应与货物贴合，并牢固固定在车厢地板上，以防货物移动。

During your pre-trip inspection you will need to check cargo securement, and vehicle lights to make sure the vehicle is safe to go on the road. Fuel is a responsibility of the driver to transport the cargo and is not checked on the pre-trip inspection. / 出车前检查要确保车况与行驶安全，如货物固定、灯光齐全且清洁等；燃油量并不在出车前检查项目内。

You can drive a vehicle that carries hazardous materials if it does not require placards. If it requires placards, you cannot drive it unless your driver license has the hazardous materials endorsement. / 若货物不需要张贴危险品警示牌，你可以驾驶；如需要张贴警示牌，除非你的驾照具备危险品资格认可，否则不得驾驶。

Make sure the parking brake is set, turn off the engine, and take the key with you when you are not in the cab during your vehicle inspection. / 在进行车辆检查且人不在驾驶室时，务必拉好驻车制动、熄火，并把钥匙随身带走。

Some drivers make the mistake of always using low beams. This seriously cuts down on their ability to see ahead. Use high beams when it is safe and legal to do so. Use them when you are not within 500 feet of another vehicle. Keep the interior light off and adjust your instrument lights as low as you can to still be able to read the gauges. / 有些驾驶者总是用近光，这会严重缩短视距。应在合法且安全时使用远光，并将车内照明调至尽可能低以免眩光。

Hitting overhead objects is dangerous. Make sure you always have overhead clearance. / 撞上方障碍很危险。务必确保始终有足够的上方净空。

This includes a variety of prescription and over-the counter drugs or cold medicines, which may make the driver drowsy or otherwise affect safe driving ability. / 许多感冒药会使人犯困或影响反应能力，因此不应在驾驶时服用。

The correct answer is A vehicle battery charger. This follows the Commercial Driver Handbook principle of choosing the action that preserves vehicle control, legal compliance, and safety for surrounding traffic. / 正确答案是：汽车电池充电机。这符合《商业驾驶员手册》的基本原则：选择能保持车辆控制、符合法规并保护周围交通安全的做法。

When you're in an accident and not seriously hurt, you need to act to prevent further damage or injury. The basic steps to be taken at any accident are to: protect the area, notify authorities, and care for the injured. / 事故处理要点包括： 保护现场 、 通知有关部门 ，并 救护伤者 、收集必要信息。

The correct answer is The vehicle shakes violently. The Commercial Driver Handbook stresses that vehicle defects found during inspections must be recognized and corrected before driving because they can lead to loss of control or breakdowns. / 正确答案是：车辆剧烈震动。《商业驾驶员手册》强调，行前检查发现的车辆缺陷必须及时识别并在上路前修复，因为这些问题可能导致失控或故障。

You must keep weights within legal limits. States have maximums for GVWRs, GCWRs, and axle weights. / 必须把重量控制在法定范围内。各州对 GVWR、GCWR 以及各轴荷都有上限规定。

Remember, if the vehicle ahead of you is smaller than yours, it can probably stop faster than you can. You may crash if you are following too closely. / 请记住，前车比你更小，通常也能更快停住；如果你跟得过近，就可能发生追尾。

This is the safest and legally correct commercial-driving choice. Commercial drivers must manage speed and braking early, especially on downgrades, because heavy vehicles build heat quickly and need more distance to stop. / 正确答案是：认为“如何制动并不重要”Assume that “how you brake doesn’t matter”。商业驾驶员必须提前控制速度和制动，尤其在下坡时，因为重型车辆制动会迅速积热，并且停车距离更长。

Empty trucks require greater stopping distances because an empty vehicle has less traction. / 空车因抓地力更小，往往需要更长的制动距离，因此制动效果并非最好。

Skids caused by acceleration usually happen on ice or snow. Taking your foot off the accelerator can easily stop them. If it is very slippery, push the clutch in. Otherwise, the engine can keep the wheels from rolling freely and regaining traction. / 由加速引起的侧滑通常发生在冰雪路面。松开油门即可很快制止。如果非常湿滑，可踩下离合器；否则发动机可能让车轮不能自由滚动而难以恢复附着。

If an oncoming driver has drifted into your lane, a move to your right is best. If that driver realizes what has happened, the natural response will be to return to their own lane. No one is likely to be driving on the shoulder, but someone may be passing you on the left. / 若对向车辆偏入你的车道，向右避让可避免迎头相撞；右侧路肩有时还能提供额外空间，但左侧可能正有人超车。

Escape ramps are made to stop runaway vehicles safely without injuring drivers and passengers. / 避险车道旨在让失控或制动失效的车辆安全停下，避免伤及驾乘人员。

Hauling liquids in tanks requires special skills because of the high center of gravity and liquid movement. / 液罐车由于重心高且液体会流动，驾驶需要特殊技巧。

Poor weight balance can make vehicle handling unsafe. Too much weight on the steering axle can cause hard steering. It can damage the steering axle and tires. / 重量分配不当会让车辆操控变得不安全。转向轴负重过大会导致转向发沉，还可能损伤转向桥和轮胎。

A skid happens whenever the tires lose their grip on the road. Most serious skids result from driving too fast for road conditions. Drivers who adjust their driving to conditions don't overaccelerate and don't have to over-brake or oversteer from too much speed. / 当轮胎失去抓地力时就会发生打滑。多数严重打滑源于在道路状况下车速过快。根据路况调整驾驶的司机不会过度加速，也不必因车速过高而过度制动或过度转向。

To test the parking brake: fasten safety belt, set parking brake, place vehicle into a low gear, and gently pull forward against parking brake to make sure the parking brake holds. / 系好安全带，拉起驻车制动，挂入低速挡，轻轻前移试拉，确认驻车制动能牢牢制住车辆。

—the rest builds up in your blood. / 人体平均每小时大致代谢约一杯酒精；其余会在血液中累积。

This is the safest and legally correct commercial-driving choice. This follows the Commercial Driver Handbook principle of choosing the action that preserves vehicle control, legal compliance, and safety for surrounding traffic. / 正确答案是：皮带可能会断裂，但是不影响车辆安全性A belt may break, but it does not affect vehicle safety。这符合《商业驾驶员手册》的基本原则：选择能保持车辆控制、符合法规并保护周围交通安全的做法。

The correct answer is The combined weight of adjacent axles must be less than the posted axle limit. This follows the Commercial Driver Handbook principle of choosing the action that preserves vehicle control, legal compliance, and safety for surrounding traffic. / 正确答案是：相邻车轴的重量加总必须小于限制轴重。这符合《商业驾驶员手册》的基本原则：选择能保持车辆控制、符合法规并保护周围交通安全的做法。

When a vehicle goes around a corner, the rear wheels follow a different path than the front wheels. This is called off-tracking. Longer vehicles will off-track more, the rear wheels of the powered unit will off-track some, and the rear wheels of the trailer will off-track even more. / 车辆转弯时，后轮所走路径与前轮不同，这叫作“内轮差（off‑tracking）”。车越长，内轮差越明显：动力单元的后轮会有一些内轮差，挂车后轮的内轮差更大。

The correct answer is A high center-of-gravity truck can roll over in a curve even at the speed limit. This follows the Commercial Driver Handbook principle of choosing the action that preserves vehicle control, legal compliance, and safety for surrounding traffic. / 正确答案是：重心高的卡车即使按限速过弯也可能翻车。这符合《商业驾驶员手册》的基本原则：选择能保持车辆控制、符合法规并保护周围交通安全的做法。

Preventing drowsiness before a trip: Get adequate sleep (8 to 9 hours), prepare route, , schedule trips for the hours you are normally awake, drive with a passenger, avoid medications that cause drowsiness. / 出发前预防困倦：保证充足睡眠（8–9 小时）、规划路线、将行程安排在你平时清醒的时段、尽量与同伴同行、避免服用致嗜睡药物。

If an oncoming driver has drifted into your lane, a move to your right is best. If that driver realizes what has happened, the natural response will be to return to his or her own lane. / 对向车辆偏入你的车道时，通常向右侧避让最好；一旦对方意识到偏离，往往会自然回到其原车道。

Most vehicles now have an ABS light on the instrument panel that will light up briefly when the vehicle is started to alert you that the vehicle has ABS, you can check to see if the vehicle was built on or after March 1, 1998, or you can check for wires from your brakes. / 大多数车辆在启动时仪表盘会短暂点亮 ABS 指示灯以提示配有 ABS；也可查看车辆是否为 1998 年 3 月 1 日（含）之后生产，或观察刹车处是否有传感器线束。

The correct answer is The parking brake. Commercial drivers must manage speed and braking early, especially on downgrades, because heavy vehicles build heat quickly and need more distance to stop. / 正确答案是：停车制动器。商业驾驶员必须提前控制速度和制动，尤其在下坡时，因为重型车辆制动会迅速积热，并且停车距离更长。

The average person needs seven or eight hours of sleep every 24 hours. Leaving on a long trip when you're already tired is dangerous. If you have a long trip scheduled, make sure that you get enough sleep before you go. / 提神药片或咖啡并不能代替睡眠；真正有效且安全的做法是停车休息、小睡或换人驾驶。

Tar in the road pavement frequently rises to the surface in very hot weather. Spots where tar "bleeds" to the surface are very slippery. / 高温时路面沥青会“出油”上浮，使路面变得非常湿滑，应降低车速并小心驾驶。

Safety requirements call for three red reflective triangles. / 安全规定要求车辆随车配备 3 个红色反光三角警示牌。

The correct answer is If the shoulder is clear, move onto it until you stop; then return to the lane when safe. This follows the Commercial Driver Handbook principle of choosing the action that preserves vehicle control, legal compliance, and safety for surrounding traffic. / 正确答案是：如果路肩净空，驶入右路肩直到车辆停止；然后在安全时回到车道。这符合《商业驾驶员手册》的基本原则：选择能保持车辆控制、符合法规并保护周围交通安全的做法。