通用知识测试

If you find yourself being tailgated, here are some things you can do to reduce the chances of a crash: avoid quick changes, increase your following distance, don't speed up, and don't turn on your taillights or flash your brake lights. / 能见度降低时应开灯；减速时可闪烁刹车灯提醒后车。但不应用频闪刹车灯来“逼停”尾随者。

Containerized loads generally are used when freight is carried part way by rail or ship. Delivery by truck occurs at the beginning and / or end of the journey. / 集装箱货物通常由铁路或轮船运输一段后再由卡车接驳；司机仍需检查并确保其已妥善固定。

Pre-trip occurs before you leave for your trip, En-route occurs during any break you take while driving, and post-trip occurs when your route is finished. / 出车前检查发生在出发前；途中检查发生在你行车期间的每次休息时；收车后检查发生在行程结束之后。

The correct answer is Wait for a large enough gap and merge into traffic. Heavy vehicles need more space to maneuver, merge, and stop, so the handbook requires drivers to leave larger gaps and manage following distance carefully. / 正确答案是：等待交通中足够大的间隙并入车流。重型车辆转向、并线和停车都需要更大空间，因此手册要求驾驶员留出更大空隙并谨慎控制跟车距离。

The correct answer is Wait for the vehicle ahead to pass a clear landmark, then count seconds until you reach it. Heavy vehicles need more space to maneuver, merge, and stop, so the handbook requires drivers to leave larger gaps and manage following distance carefully. / 正确答案是：等到前方车辆通过一个清晰地标，然后开始计秒，直到你到达同一地点。重型车辆转向、并线和停车都需要更大空间，因此手册要求驾驶员留出更大空隙并谨慎控制跟车距离。

When driving in heavy rain or deep standing water, your brakes will get wet. Water in the brakes can cause the brakes to be weak, to apply unevenly, or to grab. This can cause lack of braking power, wheel lockups, pulling to one side or the other, and jackknife if you pull a trailer. / 刹车进水会导致制动效能不足、忽紧忽松，甚至单侧抱死；牵引挂车时还可能发生折刀。

Most good drivers look at least 12 to 15 seconds ahead. That means looking ahead the distance you will travel in 12 to 15 seconds. At lower speeds, that's about one block. / 熟练驾驶者通常会提前 12–15 秒观察前方，即你在 12–15 秒内将行驶的距离；在低速情况下大约等于一个街区。

Always be prepared to act based on your plans. In this way, you will be a prepared, defensive driver who will improve your own safety as well as the safety of all road users. / 时刻观察并预判危险，根据观察结果提前采取行动，这种“防御性驾驶”能提升你与所有道路使用者的安全。

Be prepared to "counter-steer," that is, to turn the wheel back in the other direction, once you've passed whatever was in your path. You should think of emergency steering and counter-steering as two parts of one driving action. / 要随时准备进行“反向转向”（回打方向）：为躲避危险先向一侧转向后，立即朝相反方向回正修正。把转向与回打视作同一驾驶动作的两个步骤。

There are four basic types of retarders: exhaust, engine, hydraulic, and electric. / 缓速器基本分为四类：排气式、发动机式、液压式与电力式。

Retarders help slow a vehicle, reducing the need for using your brakes. They reduce brake wear and give you another way to slow down. / 缓速器有助于车辆减速，降低对脚刹的依赖，减少刹车磨损，并提供另一种减速手段。

Serious traffic violations are excessive speeding, reckless driving, improper or erratic lane changes, following a vehicle too closely, traffic offenses committed in a CMV in connection with fatal traffic accidents, etc. / 严重交通违法包括：严重超速、鲁莽驾驶、变道不当或行为异常、跟车过近、在商用机动车（CMV）上与致命交通事故相关的交通违法等。

Slow down to a safe speed, and downshift to the right gear before entering the curve. This lets you use some power through the curve to help the vehicle be more stable while turning. It also allows you to speed up as soon as you are out of the curve. / 入弯前先降至安全速度，并预先降到合适挡位。这样弯中可适度带油提升稳定性，也便于出弯后及时加速。

You cannot inspect sealed loads, but you should check that you don't exceed gross weight and axle weight limits, and that the cargo is properly secured. / 封装货物无法直接检查，但你仍应核对总重量与各轴荷不超限，并确保货物已正确固定。

Activities inside of the vehicle that can distract your attention include: talking to passengers; adjusting the radio, CD player or climate controls; eating, drinking or smoking; reading maps or other literature; picking up something that fell; reading or sending text messages. To name a few. / 分心驾驶的来源很多，例如边开车边打或接情绪化电话、吃喝吸烟、捡拾掉落物、阅读或发送短信等，应尽量避免。

During the pre-trip inspection the lights and covers need to be working and clean, wiper blades in good condition, and the cargo needs to be secured. / 出车前检查应确保灯光与灯罩工作正常且清洁、雨刷片状况良好，并检查货物已牢固捆扎固定。

Oil Level: Indicate where dipstick is located and see that oil level is within safe operating range. Engine Compartment Belts Check belts for snugness up to 3 / 4-inch play at center of belt with no cracks or frays. Hoses: Inspect hoses for condition and leaks. Valve clearance is the incorrect answer. / 机油液位：指出机油尺位置并确认油位在安全范围内。发动机舱皮带：检查是否张紧（中部松动不超过 3 / 4 英寸）、无裂纹或磨损。软管：检查其状况与是否漏液。“气门间隙”并非本题所列检查项。

The correct answer is Mechanical. Heavy vehicles need more space to maneuver, merge, and stop, so the handbook requires drivers to leave larger gaps and manage following distance carefully. / 正确答案是：机械式。重型车辆转向、并线和停车都需要更大空间，因此手册要求驾驶员留出更大空隙并谨慎控制跟车距离。

You cannot inspect sealed loads, but you should check that you don't exceed gross weight and axle weight limits. / 密封货物无法拆封检查，但必须核对是否未超过车辆总重及各轴重量限制。

Preventing drowsiness before a trip: Get adequate sleep (8 to 9 hours), prepare route, , schedule trips for the hours you are normally awake, drive with a passenger, avoid medications that cause drowsiness. / 出发前预防困倦：保证充足睡眠（8–9 小时）、规划路线、将行程安排在你平时清醒的时段、尽量与同伴同行、避免服用致嗜睡药物。

The correct answer is You never need to check antifreeze in such a system. The Commercial Driver Handbook stresses that vehicle defects found during inspections must be recognized and corrected before driving because they can lead to loss of control or breakdowns. / 正确答案是：你永远不需要在这样的系统中检查防冻剂。《商业驾驶员手册》强调，行前检查发现的车辆缺陷必须及时识别并在上路前修复，因为这些问题可能导致失控或故障。

You can drive a vehicle that carries hazardous materials if it does not require placards. If it requires placards, you cannot drive it unless your driver license has the hazardous materials endorsement. / 若货物不需要张贴危险品警示牌，你可以驾驶；一旦需要张贴，就必须持有危险品资格（HME）方可驾驶。

During your pre-trip inspection you will need to check cargo securement, and vehicle lights to make sure the vehicle is safe to go on the road. Fuel is a responsibility of the driver to transport the cargo and is not checked on the pre-trip inspection. / 出车前检查要确保车况与行驶安全，如货物固定、灯光齐全且清洁等；燃油量并不在出车前检查项目内。

Escape ramps are made to stop runaway vehicles safely without injuring drivers and passengers. / 避险车道的作用是让失控车辆安全停下，不伤及司机和乘客。

Tar in the road pavement frequently rises to the surface in very hot weather. Spots where tar "bleeds" to the surface are very slippery. / 高温时路面沥青会“出油”上浮，使路面变得非常湿滑，应降低车速并小心驾驶。

The correct answer is Fishtailing. The Commercial Driver Handbook stresses that vehicle defects found during inspections must be recognized and corrected before driving because they can lead to loss of control or breakdowns. / 正确答案是：甩尾。《商业驾驶员手册》强调，行前检查发现的车辆缺陷必须及时识别并在上路前修复，因为这些问题可能导致失控或故障。

Driving in work zones require extra care, and because of the workers risking their lives to keep the road in good condition you should drive slowly, use your hazards, and use your brake lights as communication devices. / 施工路段需要格外小心；工人冒着生命危险维护道路，因此你应低速行驶、打开双闪，并通过刹车灯与后车“沟通”。

If you stop on a two-lane road carrying traffic in both directions or on an undivided highway, place warning devices within 10 feet of the front or rear corners to mark the location of the vehicle and 100 feet behind and ahead of the vehicle, on the shoulder or in the lane you stopped in. / 若你停在双向通行的双车道或无中央隔离的公路上，应在车辆前 / 后角 10 英尺内放置一个警示装置以标示车辆位置，并分别在车前方与车后方 100 英尺处（路肩或停车的车道内）放置另外两个装置。

The correct answer is Watch for bumps or drop-offs in the roadway. In work zones, commercial drivers must slow down, watch for workers, bumps, lane shifts, and drop-offs, and follow all signs or flagger directions. / 正确答案是：注意路面上的坎或台阶。在施工区，商用车驾驶员必须减速，注意工人、路面坎坷、车道变化和落差，并遵守所有标志或指挥员指示。

¾ second to 1 second. At 55 mph this accounts for 61 feet traveled. / 约 3 / 4 到 1 秒；以 55 英里 / 小时行驶时，相当于行驶约 61 英尺。

Aggressive driving is the act of operating a motor vehicle in a selfish, bold, or pushy manner, without regard for the rights or safety of others. The frequent changes of speed is a distracted driver trait. / 激进驾驶指自私、冒进、蛮横地驾驶，不顾他人权利与安全。频繁改变车速更像是分心驾驶的特征。

Commercial vehicles are often wide and take up most of a lane. Safe drivers will manage what little space they have. You can do this by keeping your vehicle centered in your lane and avoid driving alongside others. / 商用车车身宽、盲区大。尽量不要久与他车并排行驶，把车保持在车道中部，避免被强侧风或他人动作影响。

For an e-route inspection: check the tires, wheels, and truck body for signs of heat whenever you stop during a trip. / 途中检查：在旅途中每次停车时，都应检查轮胎、车轮与车身是否有过热迹象。

The correct answer is Driving in a selfish, bold, or hostile manner. This follows the Commercial Driver Handbook principle of choosing the action that preserves vehicle control, legal compliance, and safety for surrounding traffic. / 正确答案是：以自私、大胆或咄咄逼人的方式驾驶车辆。这符合《商业驾驶员手册》的基本原则：选择能保持车辆控制、符合法规并保护周围交通安全的做法。

Re-check the cargo and securing devices as often as necessary during a trip to keep the load secure. You need to inspect again: after you have driven for 3 hours or 150 miles, and after every break you take during driving. / 为确保货物牢靠，行程中应按需频繁复查货物与固定装置。须再次检查的时机包括：行驶 3 小时或 150 英里后，以及每次中途休息之后。

If line of sight view is obstructed due to hill or curve, move the rear-most triangle to a point back down the road so warning is provided up to 500 feet. / 如因坡道或弯道造成视线受阻，应将最靠后的三角牌向后移动，最远可至 500 英尺处，以便提前警示来车。

Oil pressure. Should come up to normal within seconds after engine is started. / 机油压力应在发动机启动后的几秒内恢复到正常范围。

If line of sight view is obstructed due to hill or curve, move the rear-most triangle to a point back down the road (up to 500 feet) so warning is provided. / 若来车视线在 500 英尺内被遮挡，应将最靠后的三角警示牌后移（最多至 500 英尺），以确保提前警示。

The correct answer is Automatic transmission. This follows the Commercial Driver Handbook principle of choosing the action that preserves vehicle control, legal compliance, and safety for surrounding traffic. / 正确答案是：自动变速器。这符合《商业驾驶员手册》的基本原则：选择能保持车辆控制、符合法规并保护周围交通安全的做法。

Inspect the tires more often than usual, or every two hours or every 100 miles when driving in very hot weather. / 在酷热天气行驶时，应比平时更频繁检查轮胎，或每 2 小时 / 每 100 英里检查一次。

Be familiar with the laws in the states you drive in. These laws can cover aspects such as vehicle weight, cargo, and allowed routes. The regulations can vary from one jurisdiction to another, so know which jurisdictions you'll be driving through. / 各地法律与限制可能不同；需熟悉你将驶经的辖区规定。

Gross Combination Weight (GCW) is the total weight of a powered unit, plus trailer(s), plus the cargo. / 总组合重量（GCW）=动力单元 + 挂车 + 货物的总重量。

Avoid driving through deep puddles or flowing water if possible. If not, you should: slow down and place transmission in a low gear, and gently put on the brakes. / 尽量避免驶过深水或流动积水；若不得不通过，应减速、挂低挡，并轻踩刹车。

Convex mirrors present a view of people and objects that does not accurately reflect their size and distance from the vehicle. / 凸面镜虽能扩大视野，但会让行人和物体看起来更小、更远，无法准确反映真实大小和距离；仍然要注意镜外盲区。

To respond to tire failure: you must immediately: hold the steering wheel firmly, stay off the brake, and check the tires after you've come to a stop. / 应对爆胎：立即握稳方向盘、逐步减速并松开油门；避免猛踩刹车；安全靠边停车后检查轮胎。

Don't over steer, over accelerate, or over brake by adjusting to conditions while driving. These include traction, curves, visibility, traffic and hills. / 根据路况适时调整，避免转向过度、过度加速或过度制动。路况包括附着力、弯道、能见度、车流和坡道等。

The correct answer is The vehicle shakes violently. The Commercial Driver Handbook stresses that vehicle defects found during inspections must be recognized and corrected before driving because they can lead to loss of control or breakdowns. / 正确答案是：车辆剧烈震动。《商业驾驶员手册》强调，行前检查发现的车辆缺陷必须及时识别并在上路前修复，因为这些问题可能导致失控或故障。

The correct answer is Honk and follow closely behind. Hazardous-material shipping papers must be kept where emergency responders can find them quickly, which is why the handbook specifies keeping them within immediate reach. / 正确答案是：鸣喇叭并紧紧地尾随他。危险品运输单据必须放在救援人员能迅速找到的位置，因此手册要求将其放在驾驶员触手可及的位置。

Keeping the parking brake set until you can feel the pull of the vehicle against the brakes will help you get moving on an uphill grade without rolling backwards. / 在上坡起步时，保持驻车制动，直到离合器连接、发动机输出足以防止后溜，这样能在不后溜的情况下顺利起步。

Inspect the cargo and its securing devices again within the first 50 miles after beginning a trip, and you will need to inspect again after you have driven for 3 hours or 150 miles and after every break you take during driving. / 出发后前 50 英里内要复查货物及固定装置；此后每行驶 3 小时或 150 英里、以及每次中途休息后都要再次检查。