通用知识测试

When your drive wheels have poor traction, the retarder may cause them to skid. Therefore, you should turn the retarder off whenever the road is wet, icy, or snow covered. / 当驱动轮附着力较差时，缓速器（发动机减速）可能导致打滑。因此路面潮湿、结冰或积雪时应关闭缓速器。

Skids caused by acceleration usually happen on ice or snow. Taking your foot off the accelerator can easily stop them. If it is very slippery, push the clutch in. Otherwise, the engine can keep the wheels from rolling freely and regaining traction. / 由加速引起的侧滑通常发生在冰雪路面。松开油门即可很快制止。如果非常湿滑，可踩下离合器；否则发动机可能让车轮不能自由滚动而难以恢复附着。

High center of gravity means that much of the load's weight is carried high up off the road. This makes the vehicle top-heavy and easy to roll over. / 重心高意味着大量载荷位于离地较高的位置，使车辆头重脚轻，更容易发生侧翻。

Hanging meat and dry bulk can be a very unstable load with a high center of gravity. Particular caution is needed on sharp curves such as off ramps and on ramps. Go slowly. / 悬挂肉类与干散装货物属于不稳定载荷、重心高，尤其在匝道等急弯处必须低速谨慎。

If you operate a CMV, you shall be deemed to have given your consent to alcohol testing. / 驾驶商用车等于默认同意接受酒精检测（呼气或血液）。

Brake fade results from excessive heat causing chemical changes in the brake lining, which reduce friction, and also causing expansion of the brake drums / 制动衰退源于过热使制动衬片发生化学变化而降低摩擦，同时还会使制动鼓热胀，导致制动效能下降。

If you are drowsy, the only safe cure is to get off the road and get some sleep. If you don't, you risk your life and the lives of others. / 犯困时唯一安全的办法就是靠边休息并睡一觉；否则你将拿自己和他人的生命冒险。

If the load is more than two feet wide and extends more than four feet behind the rear of the vehicle, two square red flags must be placed at the end of the load. / 若载荷宽度超过 2 英尺且超出车尾 4 英尺以上，应在载荷末端放置两面方形红旗；夜间则使用红灯。

Skids caused by acceleration usually happen on ice or snow. Taking your foot off the accelerator can easily stop them. If it is very slippery, push the clutch in. Otherwise, the engine can keep the wheels from rolling freely and regaining traction. / 由加速引起的侧滑常见于冰雪路面。松开油门通常就能很快制止；若非常湿滑，可踩下离合器，否则发动机可能阻碍车轮自由滚动、难以恢复附着。

Pre-trip is an inspection before you leave, en-route occurs during your daily travel, and post-trip happens at the end of your day. / “出车前检查”在出发前进行，“途中检查”发生在日常行程中，“收车后检查”在当天结束时进行。

The pitman arm, spindle, tie rod, and steering gear box are all parts of the steering system. / 摇臂、主销、转向横拉杆以及转向器等都属于转向系统部件。

If you stop on a two-lane road carrying traffic in both directions or on an undivided highway, place warning devices within 10 feet of the front or rear corners to mark the location of the vehicle and 100 feet behind and ahead of the vehicle, on the shoulder or in the lane you stopped in. / 若你停在双向通行的双车道或无中央隔离的公路上，应在车辆前 / 后角 10 英尺内放置一个警示装置以标示车辆位置，并分别在车前方与车后方 100 英尺处（路肩或停车的车道内）放置另外两个装置。

Before you begin backing, work out a set of hand signals that you both understand. Agree on a signal for "stop." / 倒车前与你的引导员（助手）约定一整套双方都理解的手势，并务必就“停止”达成一致信号。

Escape ramps are made to stop runaway vehicles safely without injuring drivers and passengers. Escape ramps save lives, equipment and cargo. / 避险车道用于让失控车辆安全停下而不致伤及司乘人员；它能挽救生命，也能避免设备与货物严重受损。

These trailers can get stuck on raised crossings: Low slung units (lowboy, car carrier, moving van, possum-belly livestock trailer). Single-axle tractor pulling a long trailer with its landing gear set to accommodate a tandem-axle tractor. / 以下挂车易在抬高道口搁底：低底盘车（低平板、运车车、搬家车、肚腹式牲畜拖车）。另外，单轴牵引车牵引为双轴牵引车设置支腿高度的长挂车也易被卡。

Most GPS devices are made for cars or other smaller vehicles, and so not have the size or weight of large vehicles programmed in. Make sure your GPS device is designed for large commercial vehicles. / 许多通用 面向小客车，卡车需要支持大车限高限重、路线规避等功能，应选择专为商用车辆设计的机型。

It's natural to want to brake in an emergency, however, braking when a tire has failed could cause loss of control. Once the vehicle has slowed down brake very gently, pull off the road, and stop. / 紧急情况下本能会想踩刹，但爆胎时刹车可能导致失控。等车速降下来后再轻踩刹车、靠边停车并停稳。

If the cargo contains hazardous materials, you must inspect for proper papers, labeling, and placarding. / 装载危险品时，必须检查随车文件、容器标签与车辆危险品警示牌是否齐全、规范。

It is illegal to operate a CMV if your blood alcohol concentration (BAC) is .04% or more. If you operate a CMV, you shall be deemed to have given your consent to alcohol testing. / 血液酒精浓度（BAC）达到或超过 0.04% 时驾驶商用车辆属于违法；驾驶商用车辆即视为同意接受酒精测试。

Possession and use of any drug given to a driver by a doctor is permitted if the doctor informs the driver that it will not affect safe driving ability. / 按医嘱在服药前询问是否会影响驾驶能力；若发现影响驾驶，应立即停止驾驶并遵医嘱处理。

Check for missing nuts, bolts, cotter keys, or other parts. / 检查是否缺少 螺母、螺栓或开口销 以及其他部件；若缺失，必须维修后再上路。

As part of your vehicle inspection, make sure the truck is not overloaded and the cargo is balanced and secured properly. / 车辆检查的一部分是确保车辆不过载，且货物平衡并已正确固定。

When checking the wheels and rims check for: damaged rims. rust around wheel nuts may mean the nuts are loose--check tightness, missing clamps, spacers, studs, or lugs, mismatched, bent, or cracked lock rings, and wheels or rims that have had welding repairs are not safe. / 检查车轮与轮辋时要注意：螺母周围锈迹可能表示松动；曾进行焊补的轮辋和车轮不安全；不同规格卡圈不能混用。

The correct answer is Release the brakes only after the wheels lock up. The Commercial Driver Handbook stresses that vehicle defects found during inspections must be recognized and corrected before driving because they can lead to loss of control or breakdowns. / 正确答案是：只有在车轮锁定后才松开制动器。《商业驾驶员手册》强调，行前检查发现的车辆缺陷必须及时识别并在上路前修复，因为这些问题可能导致失控或故障。

The ABC type is designed to work on electrical fires, burning liquids, wood, paper, and cloth as well. / 型灭火器可用于电气火灾、易燃液体以及木材、纸张、布料等固体火灾，适用范围广。

Poor weight balance can make vehicle handling unsafe. The cargo should be loaded so that it is balanced in the cargo area. / 重量分配不当会让车辆操控不安全；货物应在货舱内保持平衡分布。

Forcing an automatic transmission into a lower gear at high speed could damage the transmission and also lead to loss of all engine braking effect. / 在下坡强行让自动变速箱降档可能损伤变速箱并丧失发动机制动，但不会影响转向。

Hitting overhead objects is a danger. Make sure you always have overhead clearance. / 碰撞高空障碍物很危险；不确定净空高度时必须停车确认，确保上方净空无虞。

Going with the flow of traffic is safer and easier. / 顺应车流速度通常更安全也更省力。

Check for missing or broken leaves in any leaf spring. If one-fourth or more are missing, it will put the vehicle "out of service", but any defect could be dangerous. / 要检查钢板弹簧是否缺片或断裂；有些情况下缺失四分之一叶片会令车辆被判“禁止上路”。任何缺陷都可能危险。

Be familiar with the laws in the states you drive in. These laws can cover aspects such as vehicle weight, cargo, and allowed routes. The regulations can vary from one jurisdiction to another, so know which jurisdictions you'll be driving through. / 各地法律与限制可能不同；需熟悉你将驶经的辖区规定。

Perception Distance + Reaction Distance + Brake Lag Distance + Braking Distance = Total Stopping Distance. / 感知距离 + 反应距离 + 制动滞后距离 + 制动距离 = 总停车距离。

Axle Weight is the weight transmitted to the ground by one axle or one set of axles / “车轴重量”是由单个车轴或一组车轴传递到地面的重量。

Here are some rules to follow in putting out a fire: When using the extinguisher stay as far away from the fire as possible and aim at the source or base of the fire not up in the flames. / 使用灭火器要迎风靠近并对准火源根部喷射，而不是对着火焰上部；并保持与火源的安全距离。

Right after it starts to rain, the water mixes with oil left on the road by vehicles. This makes the road very slippery. If the rain continues, it will wash the oil away. / 刚开始下雨时，雨水与路面油污混合会让路面非常湿滑；雨下得久了会把油污冲走，因此路面会变得不那么滑。

Vehicles must be equipped with emergency equipment: Fire extinguisher, spare electrical fuses unless the vehicle is equipped with circuit breakers, and warning devices for parked vehicles. / 车辆必须配备应急设备：灭火器、（如使用熔丝的）备用电熔丝，以及停车警示装置（配有断路器的车辆可不带熔丝）。

With the stab braking method, you apply your brakes all the way and release brakes when wheels lock up. / 点放式制动法是将刹车踩到底，当车轮抱死时立即松开。

Avoid driving through deep puddles or flowing water if possible. If not, you should: slow down and place transmission in a low gear, and gently put on the brakes. / 尽量避免驶过深水或流动积水；若不得不通过，应减速、挂低挡，并轻踩刹车。

You must have at least 4 / 32-inch tread depth in every major groove on front tires and at least 2 / 32-inch on other tires / 前轮每个主要沟槽的胎纹必须至少 4 / 32 英寸，其他轮胎至少 2 / 32 英寸。

The correct answer is Signal early and change lanes slowly and smoothly. This follows the Commercial Driver Handbook principle of choosing the action that preserves vehicle control, legal compliance, and safety for surrounding traffic. / 正确答案是：提前发出信号，并缓慢而平稳地改变车道。这符合《商业驾驶员手册》的基本原则：选择能保持车辆控制、符合法规并保护周围交通安全的做法。

Tie-downs must be of the proper type and proper strength. Federal regulations require the aggregate working load limit of any securement system used to secure an article or group of articles against movement must be at least one and one-half times the weight of the article or group of articles. / 捆扎带需使用类型与强度合适的器材；所用捆扎的合力强度至少应达到货物（或同组货物）重量的 1.5 倍。

The correct answer is They may move slowly, change lanes suddenly, or stop. Hazardous-material shipping papers must be kept where emergency responders can find them quickly, which is why the handbook specifies keeping them within immediate reach. / 正确答案是：他们可能会缓慢移动、突然改变车道或停车。危险品运输单据必须放在救援人员能迅速找到的位置，因此手册要求将其放在驾驶员触手可及的位置。

When you discover a fire, call for help. You may use the fire extinguisher to keep minor truck fires from spreading to cargo before firefighters arrive. / 发现起火时要先呼救。消防员到来前，你可以用灭火器控制小型车体火情，避免蔓延到货物。

Blocking is used in the front, back, and / or sides of a piece of cargo to keep it from sliding. Blocking is shaped to fit snugly against cargo. It is secured to the cargo deck to prevent cargo movement. / 堵码需要与货物贴合，通常置于货物的前、后及 / 或两侧，并牢固固定在车厢地板上，以避免货物滑移。

Inspect the cargo and its securing devices again within the first 50 miles after beginning a trip, and you will need to inspect again after you have driven for 3 hours or 150 miles and after every break you take during driving. / 出发后前 50 英里内要复查货物及固定装置；此后每行驶 3 小时或 150 英里、以及每次中途休息后都要再次检查。

The following are some causes of vehicle fires: spilled fuel, improper use of flares, under-inflated tires , duals that touch, short circuits, loose connections, improper fueling, loose fuel connections, flammable cargo, improperly sealed or loaded cargo or with poor ventilation. / 车辆起火的常见原因包括：燃油泄漏、错误使用照明信号火炬（flares）、轮胎气压不足、双胎互相接触、短路与接线松动、加油不当、油路接头松动、易燃货物、封装或装载不当、通风不良等。

Signal continuously. You need both hands on the wheel to turn safely. Don't cancel the signal until you have completed the turn. / 应持续打灯。安全转弯需要双手握方向盘；直到转弯完成再取消转向灯。

Hitting overhead objects is dangerous. Make sure you always have overhead clearance. / 撞上方障碍很危险。务必确保始终有足够的上方净空。

If you must stop on or by a one-way or divided highway, place warning devices 10 feet, 100 feet, and 200 feet toward the approaching traffic. / 如必须在单行路或分隔式公路上或路边停车，应将警示装置分别放置在朝来车方向的 10、100、200 英尺处。

Driving too fast is a major cause of fatal crashes. You must adjust your speed depending on driving conditions. These include traction, curves, visibility, traffic and hills. / 致命事故的一个主要原因是“在路况条件下车速过快”；必须根据附着力、弯道、能见度、车流与坡度等因素调整车速。